The 4 vitamins and supplements this immunologist takes every day to strengthen her immune system

In a perfect world, we'd all have access to a balanced, nutrient-dense diet that's chock-full of healthy fats, fruits, vegetables, adequate protein and fiber — and theoretically, shouldn't have to take additional vitamin supplements in order to strengthen our immune system

However, not>1. Vitamin C

Since humans cannot manufacture vitamin C and it's not stored it in the body, it needs to be constantly replenished.

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and strengthens our immune system cells. It gets used up rapidly during infection and when we are under tremendous stress. It also speeds wound-healing and is great for your skin.

Supplemental vitamin C has been found in studies to lower the severity and duration of a cold, and in early studies may lessen the severity of hospitalized Covid patients' symptoms.

A good dose to start with is 500 milligrams twice daily for maximum absorption.

2. Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide issue, which is a problem because this superstar vitamin modulates so many aspects of our immune function. It makes our innate immune system more efficient in killing bacteria and viruses, and can reduce the frequency of upper respiratory infections.

Low vitamin D has also been correlated with a higher incidence of autoimmune disease like multiple sclerosis.  Because vitamin D isn't found readily in many foods (save for fatty fish, cod liver and fortified foods), most people benefit from vitamin supplementation, especially in the winter months or if they don't spend much time outdoors>3. Zinc

The World Health Organization reports that between 17% and 30% of the world population has a zinc deficiency, potentially affecting health outcomes.

Zinc is a trace mineral with crucial effects>4. Curcumin

This substance is the main active ingredient in turmeric root and has been shown to bestow multiple health benefits.

In fact, there are more than 120 human clinical trials showing the effectiveness of curcumin in treating diseases ranging from autoimmunity to Alzheimer's disease.

The magic of curcumin is how it decreases inflammation at multiple levels in the body, not only helping with symptom relief from pain and arthritis but also blocking inflammatory cytokines driving autoimmune disease, heart disease and diabetes.

It also improves the health of our gut bacteria, which adds to our overall immune health. Because curcumin is not absorbed well and one would have to eat copious amounts of turmeric root to have significant benefits, I recommend supplementing with 1,000 milligrams per day with food.